Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Approaches to Flood Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Abstract

Rapid urbanization, climate change, and a growing population in urban cities have resulted in increased flooding incidences in Sub-Saharan Africa. Informal settlements that encroach on wetlands and floodplains restrict the space to store and convey flood waters. Further, an expansion of impermeable surfaces in urban areas restricts water flow and increases the frequency and magnitude of flooding. Ecosystem-based adaptation strategies (EBA) provide a potentially sustainable approach to managing flooding in sub-Saharan African countries. Studies have explored the use of EBA strategies in various African countries. Ecosystem-based adaptation strategies (EBA) are increasingly gaining traction as a sustainable way to mitigate climate change effects as they integrate ecosystem services and biodiversity into an overall strategy to enhance people’s capacity to adapt to adverse climate change effects. This review examines the adoption, challenges, and opportunities of EBA strategies for flood management in Sub-Saharan Africa. EBA approaches not only reduce vulnerability to climate and non-climate risks but also provide environmental and societal benefits. Some specific approaches include replanting and restoring upland forests to reduce the risk of coastal erosion and landslides, restoring wetlands, adopting an integrated watershed management approach, incorporating green infrastructure, and community-based adaptation strategies that consider the local community context. Findings highlight the need for African countries to adopt participatory and multi-sectoral approaches to flood management that facilitates collaboration between the formal and informal sectors, the adoption of sustainable flood management practices, and coordination at different levels of decision-making. Strengthening these strategies would reduce the challenges associated with EBA implementation, and empower African countries to optimize the opportunities to mitigate flood risk.